Contrastive conjunction
A conjunction is a
word that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses.
Contrastive
conjunctions are used to emphasize the
contrast between two ideas and to link two ideas or statement that are
considered to be different.
Contrastive conjuctionis are but,
still, yet, although, even though, whereas, while, however, nevertheless, and
despite/in spite of.
Example of Altough
v Although there is no
universal agreement within the scientific community on the impacts of
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, it has been theorized that they
may lead to an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's surface.
v There is no universal
agreement among scientists and climatologists on the potential impacts of an
increase in the average temperature of the Earth, although it has been
hypothesized that it could lead to a variety of changes in the global climate,
sea level, agricultural patterns, and ecosystem.
Example of (Even) Though
v (Even) though climate
change cannot be predicted for a specific region, experience with natural
climatic variability leads many scientists to believe that even relatively
small changes to climate may be socially and economically significant.
v Nia had studied hard, (Even) tough she failed the test.
v (Even) tough he loses his
job as Arts Minister, I think he'll continue to serve in the government .
v (Even) though I had two hours to spare for shopping,
I couldn't find the suit I wanted.
Example of “While”
Before main clause:
-
While land temperatures
are measured by the temperature of air about a metre above the earth’s surface,
ocean temperatures are measured by the temperature of water. (more common)
After main clause:
-
Land temperatures are
measured by the temperature of air about a metre above the earth’s surface,
while ocean temperatures are measured by the temperature of water. (less
common)
Example of Whereas
-
Nuclear energy fuel uses only about 4 percent fissionable
uranium, whereas a nuclear weapon uses 100 percent fissionable uranium. Because
of this difference, nuclear power plants cannot explode.
-
The Finns had difficulty supplying their troops with
ammunition, whereas the Russians had an unlimited supply and a vastly superior
system of communication.
-
Hydrogen can be used as a motor fuel, whereas neither nuclear
nor solar energy can be used directly for powering an automobile.
Example of
Nevertheless
Negative ( - ) to
Positive ( + )
-
Nuclear fission produces
highly toxic radioactive wastes. Nevertheless, it produces no greenhouse gases.
Positive ( + ) to Negative ( - )
-
Nuclear fission produces
no greenhouse gases. However, it does produce highly toxic radioactive wastes.
-
Nuclear wastes can have
half-lives of more than 1000 years and thus present a clear danger to
future generations. Nevertheless,
Finland has decided to build yet another nuclear
power plant.
Example of However
Positive ( + ) to Negative ( - )
All major studies of the greenhouse effect have concluded
that sea level and precipitation will change significantly. However, most
engineers and planners implicitly assume that these changes will not occur.
Situation ( + ) to Problem ( - )
Sampling techniques developed for attribute inspection
have traditionally been designed on the basis of perfect human inspection.
However, studies in human factors have shown that human inspection is not error
free.
Earlier research ( + ) to Criticism ( - )
The prototype training program proved to be successful in
improving inspection accuracy. However, it did not show significant
improvements in inspection speed.
Despite/in spite of
The old farmer
works hard in his field in spite of fierce sun
·
Diana is still doing her homework despite being very tired
·
Despite lower carbon dioxide emissions, diesel cars may
promote more global warming than gasoline cars.
·
In spite of the cooling tend that has been observed for Antarctica as a whole, one region of the
continent has actually contradicted the mean trend and warmed over
the same time period: the Bellingshausen Sea region.
But ,yet ,still
•
Ram likes tea, but Anthony likes coffee.
•
These schemes provide a solution, but they are not easy.(with
comma)
•
These schemes provide a solution but are not easy.(no comma)
•
Mr. David is rich, yet he is unhappy
•
She can play the piano very well, yet she can’t read music at
all.
•
The sun was shining and there was no wind, but it was
unusually cold. I
thought they would still be alive
•
We still don't know whether there are survivors from the plane
crash
•
I still haven't spoken to the manager, so don't know what my
future will be.
Modal Perfect
Modal perfect is usually
used to express events in the past. Modal perfect used in
different conditions according to the forms
of modal initially did use modal : Can/could
(ability), may/might (possibility) , etc.
|
Modal Perfect
|
Meaning
|
Example
|
|
Could have
|
We had the ability
to do something in the past, but we didn’t do it.
|
The report is
considered nonfactual. Renny could have interviewed some people before
writing it.
|
|
Would have
|
We wanted to do
something, but we didn’t do it in the end.
|
I would have
finished is last nigh. Now I am still doing my work.
|
|
Might have
|
It is possible that
something happened in the past, but we aren’t sure.
|
We did not see Andra
at the meeting. He might have forgotten it.
|
|
Should have
|
It was the right
thing to do, but we didn’t do it.
We expected
something to happen, but it didn’t.
|
Alex had negative
thoughts about you. You should have told him the truth.
Lina is disappoited.
Her father should have bought her a bicycle.
|
|
Must have
|
We are almost sure
something happened in the past.
|
My younger sister is
verry happy. She must have got the doll she longed for some time.
|
Pattern :
·
Modal + have + past participle
·
Could + have + Verb-3
·
Would + have + Verb-3
·
Might + have + Verb-3
·
Should + have + Verb-3
·
Must + have + Verb-3
Should +have
+ past participle
When the action did not happen and someone
is sorry (regrets) that the action did not happen.
v
I failed the test. I
should have studied last night.
v
My stomach hurts! I shouldn’t have eaten those four doughnuts.
Must + have + past participle
When you are almost certain that the action
happened. Based on facts or current
situation, you conclude that the action happened.
Joe looks really tired today. He must have gone to bed late last night.
Could + have + past participle
When the speaker had the opportunity to do
something, but you are not sure he did it.
You can also use it when the action was possible but you are not sure if it really happened.
I could have gone to Oxford University but
I preferred Harvard University.
Might + have + past participle
When the action was possible, but you are
not sure it happened- the same meaning as may have, could have + past
participle
Example :
We did not see Andra
at the meeting. He might have forgotten it.
Would + have + past participle
When the action did not happen (conditional)
The young couple would have purchased
the house if it had had two bathrooms
The negative form would not have + past
participle is used when the action actually happened, but it would not have
happened if something else occurred first.
The pie would not have tasted so
sweet if I had added the correct amount
of sugar
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