PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice is very popular use, both in everyday conversations and in reading books. In the Indonesian language sentence is known as a verb beginning with di-(written, given, scolded, etc.). In the active sentence we may say so:

The teacher warned Nitha for being late. -> Teachers warned Nitha for being late.

But if we want to express this sentence in the passive voice, we will say:

Nitha was warned by the teacher for being late. -> Nitha warned by the teacher for being late.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

Indirect speech Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

PERSUADING

 

Persuading is an expression to persuade someone. So, someone want to do something as like as persuader’s request. 

Expressions of Persuading :

§   Are you really sure you can’t/couldn’t...?

§   Don’t be so silly!

§   I really think it would be a pity if we didn’t.

§   Are you quite sure you won’t consider...?

§   Buy me this one, Mom, please ?

§   I really think you’d do well to...

§   Oh, come on!

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain readers.Other function of narrative text is for education.

Generic Structure

•       Orientation    : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters, setting and time of the story are established. 

•       Complication : When the problems in the story arise an involves main character.

•       Resolution      : The problems are solved  (better or worse).

 

CONTRASTIVE CONJUNCTION AND MODAL PERFECT

Contrastive conjunction

A conjunction is a word that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses.

Contrastive conjunctions are used to emphasize the contrast between two ideas and to link two ideas or statement that are considered to be different.

Contrastive conjuctionis are but, still, yet, although, even though, whereas, while, however, nevertheless, and despite/in spite of.

DISCUSSION TEXT

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints.

Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

BUSINESS LETTER

The block format is the simplest format; all of the writing is flush against the left margin.

Your Address 1

The return address of the sender so the recipient can easily find out where to send a reply to.

•       British English

Position        : In the top right corner of the letter.

•          American English

Position        : In the top left corner, below the date, or at the end of the letter (below the signature)

Date 2
Put the date on which the letter was written in the format

•       British English

Write                        :30 October 2003

Position                    :On the right, one line below the sender's address

•       American English

Write                        : October 30, 2003

Position                    : Top left corner

ASKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES

What is possibility ?

Possibility is used when we are talking about the future, we often don't really know what will happen.

Asking about Possibilities

•       Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?

•       Do you think it’s possible that ... ?

•       What possibility is there that ... ?

•       Is there any possibility that ... ?

•       What's the possibility of ... ?

•       What are the chances of ...?

•       Do you think you can…?

•       Is it possible that ... ?

•       Is it possible to ... ?

•       Are you capable of…?

EXPLANATION TEXT

Is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, soisal, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author of the question 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

                                                                                                                           

Communicative purpose of Explanation Text

Communicative purpose of the Explanation text is to explain the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture, and others that aim to explain.

COMPLAINING

A complaint is expressions of "displeasure or annoyance" in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable.

Making a complaint
I’m afraid I have to make a serious complaint.
Look, I’m sorry to trouble you, but….
Excuse me, I’m afraid… 
I wonder if you could help me…..
I’ve got a bit of a problem here, you see……
Do you think you could……?
I’m sorry to have to say this, but….
Would you mind (doing)….?
I wish you wouldn’t mind….
I do wish you could….
Wouldn’t it be a good idea to/ not to….

MAKING SUGGESTION

Making Suggestion is how you express your suggestion to someone.

   

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional sentence is used for expressing our hope or expectation toward something. A conditinal sentence consist of two part : “main clause” and “if clause”. 

There are four types of conditional sentences in english:

•        1st conditional sentences

•       2nd conditional sentences

•       3rd conditional  sentences

•       Conditional Sentence without “IF” (Inversion)

 

ADMITTING MISTAKES & MAKING PROMISES

What is ‘Admitting Mistakes’?

Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

When you have a mistake to someone, you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear. Admitting Mistake is the way you to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

The Benefits of Admitting Your Mistakes

•          It demonstrates your courage

•          It demonstrates your humanity

•          It engenders more trusting relationships

•          It creates greater organisational value

BLAMING ANG ACCUSING SOMEONE

 Glossary

  Blaming : menyalahkan

  Accusing : menuduh

  Responsibility : tanggung jawab

  Fault : Kesalahan

  Truth  : kebenaran

  Stealing : mencuri

  Mistake : kesalahan

  Failur : kegagalan

  Incur : menuai hasil